What characterizes a pattern of substance abuse?

The correct answer identifies significant impairment or distress as a defining characteristic of a pattern of substance abuse. This is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, which emphasize that the use of substances leads to substantial negative impacts on an individual's everyday functioning, relationships, and overall mental and physical health.

Substance abuse often manifests as an inability to meet responsibilities at work, school, or home, along with behavioral issues arising from drug or alcohol consumption. This impairment is not just a fleeting effect; it persists over time, highlighting the seriousness of the issue.

In contrast, a temporary increase in usage, an improved capacity to function, or occasional use do not capture the ongoing and detrimental nature of substance abuse. These scenarios might not typically lead to significant problems or distress, which are essential markers of a more concerning and chronic pattern of behavior.